While the progress towards a ‘more perfect Union’ envisioned by the U.S. Constitution is apparently uneven, events this past week may have brought the Republic at least a step or two towards that noble aspiration. SCOTUS – the Supreme Court of the United States – handed down their much-anticipated Loper Bright ruling. Another interesting and potentially hopeful development last week is explored in the post Biden-Trump debate, with both of those topics among this week’s headlines in review. Still other reports on specific firms and developments in MHVille or affordable housing are provided in this Sunday morning weekly recap. But as the headline clearly states, included today is an array of data on modern manufactured housing compiled and organized in this article that you are unlikely to find in any single report anywhere on earth relevant to U.S. manufactured housing. That may sound bold, but it is regrettably no exaggeration. Too few researchers and reporters, beyond our platforms, pull together the array of information that will be found herein.
For example. When did you see an article this year that clearly stated that the price of new single section (a.k.a.: “single wide” or SW below) manufactured homes has essentially doubled in price between November 2014 ($43,700) and November 2023 ($85,900 – see data in Part III, below), yet pointed out that the price of a new single section manufactured home dropped just over 3 percent in November 2023 ($85,900) compared to November 2022 ($88,000)? Yet those facts are accurate, per data obtained by MHProNews from the U.S. Census Bureau.
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Part I
Institute for Building Technology & Safety | |||||||||
Shipments and Production Summary Report 4/01/2024 – 4/30/2024 |
Shipments | ||||
State | SW | MW | Total | Floors |
Dest. Pending | 13 | 6 | 19 | 25 |
Alabama | 320 | 271 | 591 | 863 |
Alaska | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Arizona | 50 | 125 | 175 | 300 |
Arkansas | 79 | 87 | 166 | 253 |
California | 43 | 180 | 223 | 413 |
Colorado | 19 | 25 | 44 | 69 |
Connecticut | 8 | 5 | 13 | 18 |
Delaware | 12 | 29 | 41 | 70 |
District of Columbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Florida | 205 | 460 | 665 | 1,131 |
Georgia | 125 | 278 | 403 | 683 |
Hawaii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Idaho | 6 | 28 | 34 | 64 |
Illinois | 33 | 22 | 55 | 77 |
Indiana | 78 | 35 | 113 | 148 |
Iowa | 21 | 14 | 35 | 49 |
Kansas | 27 | 13 | 40 | 53 |
Kentucky | 140 | 192 | 332 | 526 |
Louisiana | 301 | 168 | 469 | 638 |
Maine | 36 | 47 | 83 | 130 |
Maryland | 23 | 7 | 30 | 37 |
Massachusetts | 11 | 6 | 17 | 23 |
Michigan | 143 | 182 | 325 | 507 |
Minnesota | 24 | 25 | 49 | 74 |
Mississippi | 199 | 152 | 351 | 503 |
Missouri | 89 | 61 | 150 | 210 |
Montana | 14 | 22 | 36 | 58 |
Nebraska | 13 | 2 | 15 | 17 |
Nevada | 4 | 28 | 32 | 63 |
New Hampshire | 14 | 17 | 31 | 48 |
New Jersey | 12 | 12 | 24 | 36 |
New Mexico | 41 | 98 | 139 | 240 |
New York | 57 | 76 | 133 | 209 |
North Carolina | 236 | 347 | 583 | 932 |
North Dakota | 13 | 13 | 26 | 39 |
Ohio | 106 | 53 | 159 | 212 |
Oklahoma | 113 | 107 | 220 | 327 |
Oregon | 25 | 64 | 89 | 156 |
Pennsylvania | 54 | 77 | 131 | 208 |
Rhode Island | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
South Carolina | 162 | 257 | 419 | 677 |
South Dakota | 8 | 9 | 17 | 26 |
Tennessee | 109 | 229 | 338 | 567 |
Texas | 745 | 879 | 1,624 | 2,512 |
Utah | 8 | 15 | 23 | 38 |
Vermont | 11 | 7 | 18 | 25 |
Virginia | 52 | 80 | 132 | 212 |
Washington | 17 | 93 | 110 | 209 |
West Virginia | 50 | 70 | 120 | 191 |
Wisconsin | 86 | 27 | 113 | 140 |
Wyoming | 10 | 4 | 14 | 18 |
Canada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 3,966 | 5,005 | 8,971 | 14,027 |
Production | ||||
State | SW | MW | Total | Floors |
States Shown(*) | 255 | 260 | 515 | 778 |
Alabama | 779 | 830 | 1,609 | 2,446 |
*Alaska | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Arizona | 44 | 131 | 175 | 308 |
*Arkansas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
California | 35 | 165 | 200 | 374 |
*Colorado | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Connecticut | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Delaware | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*District of Columbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Florida | 74 | 230 | 304 | 537 |
Georgia | 181 | 411 | 592 | 1,009 |
*Hawaii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Idaho | 29 | 66 | 95 | 166 |
*Illinois | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Indiana | 472 | 228 | 700 | 928 |
*Iowa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Kansas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Kentucky | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Louisiana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Maine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Maryland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Massachusetts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Michigan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Minnesota | 43 | 68 | 111 | 178 |
*Mississippi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Missouri | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Montana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Nebraska | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Nevada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*New Hampshire | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*New Jersey | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*New Mexico | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*New York | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
North Carolina | 204 | 326 | 530 | 856 |
*North Dakota | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Ohio | 36 | 58 | 94 | 152 |
*Oklahoma | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Oregon | 35 | 169 | 204 | 382 |
Pennsylvania | 198 | 260 | 458 | 718 |
*Rhode Island | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*South Carolina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*South Dakota | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tennessee | 575 | 791 | 1,366 | 2,158 |
Texas | 1,006 | 1,012 | 2,018 | 3,037 |
*Utah | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Vermont | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Virginia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Washington | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*West Virginia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Wisconsin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Wyoming | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Canada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 3,966 | 5,005 | 8,971 | 14,027 |
THE ABOVE STATISTICS ARE PROVIDED AS A MONTHLY | (*) THESE STATES HAVE FEWER THAN THREE PLANTS. | ||||||||
SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE. REPRODUCTION IN PART OR | FIGURES ARE AGGREGATED ON FIRST LINE ABOVE | ||||||||
IN TOTAL MUST CARRY AN ATTRIBUTION TO IBTS, INC. | TOTALS TO PROTECT PROPRIETARY INFORMATION. | ||||||||
Ashok K Goswami, PE, COO, 45207 Research Place, Ashburn, VA |
Part II
Cost & Size Comparisons: | ||||||||||
New Manufactured Homes and New Single-Family Site-Built Homes | ||||||||||
2014 – 2023 | ||||||||||
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |
New Manufactured Homes | ||||||||||
All1 | ||||||||||
Avg. Sales Price | $ 124,300 | $ 127,300 | $ 108,100 | $ 87,000 | $ 81,900 | $ 78,500 | $ 71,900 | $ 70,600 | $ 68,000 | $ 65,300 |
Avg. Square Feet | 1,435 | 1,450 | 1,497 | 1,471 | 1,448 | 1,438 | 1,426 | 1,446 | 1,430 | 1,438 |
Avg. Cost per Sq. Ft. | $ 86.62 | $ 87.79 | $ 72.21 | $ 59.14 | $ 56.56 | $ 54.59 | $ 50.42 | $ 48.82 | $ 47.55 | $ 45.41 |
Single | ||||||||||
Avg. Sales Price | $ 84,800 | $ 86,400 | $ 72,600 | $ 57,300 | $ 53,200 | $ 52,400 | $ 48,300 | $ 46,700 | $ 45,600 | $ 45,000 |
Avg. Square Feet | 1,038 | 1,064 | 1,084 | 1,085 | 1,072 | 1,072 | 1,087 | 1,075 | 1,092 | 1,115 |
Avg. Cost per Sq. Ft. | $ 81.70 | $ 81.20 | $ 66.97 | $ 52.81 | $ 49.63 | $ 48.88 | $ 44.43 | $ 43.44 | $ 41.76 | $ 40.36 |
Double | ||||||||||
Avg. Sales Price | $ 154,100 | $ 158,600 | $ 132,000 | $ 108,500 | $ 104,000 | $ 99,500 | $ 92,800 | $ 89,500 | $ 86,700 | $ 82,000 |
Avg. Square Feet | 1,748 | 1,757 | 1,794 | 1,760 | 1,747 | 1,747 | 1,733 | 1,746 | 1,713 | 1,710 |
Avg. Cost per Sq. Ft. | $ 88.16 | $ 90.27 | $ 73.58 | $ 61.65 | $ 59.53 | $ 51.26 | $ 53.55 | $ 51.26 | $ 50.61 | $ 47.95 |
Housing Starts vs. MH Shipments | ||||||||||
(Thousands of Units) | ||||||||||
New Single Family | ||||||||||
Housing Starts | 948 | 1,005 | 1,127 | 991 | 888 | 876 | 849 | 782 | 715 | 648 |
Percent of Total | 91% | 90% | 91% | 91% | 90% | 90% | 90% | 91% | 91% | 91% |
Manufactured Home Shipments | ||||||||||
Shipped | 89 | 113 | 106 | 94 | 95 | 97 | 93 | 81 | 71 | 64 |
Percent of Total | 9% | 10% | 9% | 9% | 10% | 10% | 10% | 9% | 9% | 9% |
Total | 1,037 | 1,118 | 1,233 | 1,085 | 983 | 973 | 942 | 863 | 786 | 712 |
New Single-Family | ||||||||||
Site-Built Homes Sold | ||||||||||
(Home and Land Sold as Package) | ||||||||||
Avg. Sales Price | $ 514,000 | $ 521,500r | $ 458,300r | $ 391,600r | $ 383,900 | $ 385,000 | $ 384,900 | $ 360,900 | $352,700 | $ 347,700 |
Derived Average Land Price | $ 104,128 | $ 102,298r | $ 97,234r | $ 82,728r | $ 84,485 | $ 87,253 | $ 91,173 | $ 82,491 | $ 80,246 | $ 84,444 |
Price of Structure | ||||||||||
Avg. Square Feet | 2,470 | 2,503r | 2,492r | 2,502r | 2,518 | 2,602 | 2,645 | 2,650 | 2,724 | 2,707 |
Avg. Price per Sq Ft. (excl. land) | $ 165.94 | $ 167.48r | $ 144.89r | $ 123.45r | $ 118.91 | $ 114.43 | $ 111.05 | $ 105.06 | $ 100.02 | $ 97.25 |
Manufactured Home Shipments | ||||||||||
Total | 89,169 | 112,882 | 105,772 | 94,390 | 94,615 | 96,555 | 92,902 | 81,136 | 70,544 | 64,331 |
Single-Section | 40,525 | 51,022 | 44,755 | 42,578 | 42,930 | 44,979 | 46,305 | 38,944 | 32,210 | 30,218 |
Multi-Section | 48,644 | 61,860 | 61,017 | 51,812 | 51,685 | 51,576 | 46,597 | 42,192 | 38,334 | 34,113 |
New Manufactured Homes Placed | ||||||||||
(For Residential Use) | ||||||||||
Inside Communities (2021 – )2 | 55% | 59% | 51% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Land-leased / manufactured home community | 29% | 36% | 31% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Private property in subdivision or planned unit development | 27% | 23% | 21% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Outside Communities (2021 – )3 | 45% | 41% | 49% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Other private property | 44% | 41% | 49% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Somewhere else | 1% | 0% | 0% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Inside Communities (2014 – 2020) | X | X | X | 27% | 31% | 37% | 32% | 34% | 34% | 33% |
In a park, court, or community | X | X | X | 23% | 26% | 34% | 29% | 31% | 32% | 30% |
In a subdivision or planned unit development | X | X | X | 4% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% |
Private Property (2014 – 2020) | X | X | X | 73% | 69% | 63% | 68% | 66% | 66% | 67% |
Not in any of the above | X | X | X | 73% | 69% | 63% | 68% | 66% | 66% | 67% |
Titled as Personal Property | 76% | 73% | 77% | 78% | 76% | 77% | 76% | 77% | 80% | 80% |
Titled as Real Estate | 20% | 21% | 19% | 19% | 19% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 14% | 13% |
r Revised – refers to seasonal index and seasonally adjusted annual rate figures | ||||||||||
1 Includes manufactured homes with more than two sections. | ||||||||||
2 Subcategories for this item were revised with the implementation of a new questionnaire in January 2021. This category now contains units located on private property within communities. Prior to 2021, all units on private property were assumed to be located outside communities. Percentages are calculated based on the estimates shown in each category in https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/mhs/tables/time-series/Annual_Char.xlsx | ||||||||||
3 Subcategories for this item were revised with the implementation of a new questionnaire in January 2021. This category now contains only units located on private property that are outside communities in addition to units outside communities not located on private property. Percentages are calculated based on the estimates shown in each category in https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/mhs/tables/time-series/Annual_Char.xlsx | ||||||||||
Note: The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and has approved | ||||||||||
the disclosure avoidance practices applied. (Approval ID: CBDRB-FY24-0318) | ||||||||||
Source: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Survey of Construction, https://www.census.gov/construction/chars/; https://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/xls/starts_cust.xls. | ||||||||||
Source: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Manufactured Housing Survey. | ||||||||||
Part III
Average Sales Price of New Manufactured Homes by Region and Size of Home | ||||||||||||||
By Month of Shipment | ||||||||||||||
(Dollars) |
United States | Northeast | Midwest | South | West | |||||||||||
Total1 | Single | Double | Total1 | Single | Double | Total1 | Single | Double | Total1 | Single | Double | Total1 | Single | Double | |
2023 | |||||||||||||||
November | 126,600 | 85,900 | 154,100 | 122,600 | 92,400 | 158,200 | 116,800 | 83,900 | 157,300 | 125,100 | 85,200 | 150,000 | 149,600 | 90,600 | 175,900 |
October | 120,000 | 83,300 | 147,700 | 118,900 | 84,300 | 151,900 | 111,400 | 84,600 | 149,400 | 119,900 | 83,000 | 147,400 | 135,100 | 82,200 | 146,100 |
September | 119,700 | 80,400 | 151,700 | 128,700 | 85,400 | 172,800 | 116,000 | 83,500 | 159,400 | 115,900 | 78,000 | 144,500 | 142,300 | 87,600 | 178,400 |
August | 128,800 | 89,800 | 154,600 | 132,500 | 105,200 | 158,400 | 113,900 | 92,200 | 145,900 | 128,500 | 86,500 | 153,800 | 149,500 | 94,400 | 163,300 |
July | 118,000 | 82,300 | 150,200 | 122,700 | 72,900 | 143,100 | 116,000 | 81,400 | 153,400 | 114,900 | 82,600 | 149,300 | 137,000 | 84,800 | 154,900 |
June | 121,400 | 85,400 | 153,900 | 121,800 | 85,300 | 149,800 | 111,800 | 84,200 | 153,700 | 120,100 | 85,300 | 152,600 | 140,000 | 89,500 | 162,400 |
May | 129,900 | 86,300 | 160,200 | 120,900 | 89,800 | 146,000 | 104,900 | 82,900 | 141,000 | 132,500 | 87,800 | 161,600 | 149,700 | 79,800 | 171,800 |
April | 125,000 | 86,100 | 153,600 | 123,900 | 87,000 | 160,800 | 112,300 | 87,000 | 148,900 | 123,200 | 83,200 | 150,100 | 150,600 | 105,100 | 173,400 |
March | 124,700 | 85,200 | 155,400 | 135,200 | 100,600 | 172,900 | 109,400 | 88,600 | 152,000 | 123,800 | 80,800 | 153,100 | 140,800 | 94,900 | 162,000 |
February | 128,100 | 89,200 | 160,400 | 136,600 | 107,000 | 167,800 | 114,400 | 85,300 | 158,800 | 127,800 | 88,200 | 157,900 | 144,000 | 92,800 | 170,000 |
January | 126,100 | 82,100 | 156,900 | 122,900 | 86,700 | 148,300 | 107,200 | 83,600 | 153,100 | 129,200 | 81,200 | 158,300 | 131,500 | 81,300 | 156,700 |
2022 | |||||||||||||||
December | 122,100 | 80,200 | 155,700 | 113,900 | 75,300 | 158,300 | 104,700 | 82,300 | 144,300 | 124,000 | 80,700 | 155,400 | 134,700 | 77,600 | 162,400 |
November | 125,200 | 88,000 | 155,200 | 119,200 | 93,900 | 146,700 | 113,600 | 89,100 | 147,600 | 126,000 | 86,500 | 155,800 | 138,400 | 89,500 | 161,800 |
October | 128,300 | 81,400 | 160,400 | 127,000 | 86,400 | 155,300 | 113,500 | 87,500 | 156,700 | 128,100 | 77,000 | 160,000 | 153,600 | 86,200 | 167,300 |
September | 130,400 | 95,800 | 159,400 | 131,300 | 101,400 | 162,000 | 114,600 | 93,000 | 155,500 | 130,300 | 94,400 | 158,500 | 148,600 | 107,500 | 163,900 |
August | 125,700 | 86,500 | 158,800 | 117,800 | 74,700 | 145,100 | 110,900 | 87,500 | 151,900 | 126,400 | 86,000 | 159,400 | 144,100 | 93,400 | 166,400 |
July | 131,800 | 85,200 | 161,600 | 129,700 | 93,300 | 157,400 | 110,800 | 83,600 | 156,100 | 131,300 | 82,900 | 158,700 | 156,800 | 97,300 | 178,200 |
June | 126,900 | 87,600 | 159,600 | 118,500 | 92,700 | 134,100 | 112,500 | 90,100 | 146,500 | 125,300 | 88,200 | 159,900 | 154,200 | 68,400 | 174,500 |
May | 124,900 | 85,800 | 159,200 | 121,500 | 82,100 | 148,500 | 112,300 | 83,600 | 148,800 | 124,400 | 85,900 | 162,400 | 142,000 | 91,900 | 156,100 |
April | 132,000 | 83,100 | 168,000 | 128,900 | 87,200 | 154,700 | 110,400 | 80,500 | 147,800 | 132,100 | 83,500 | 169,900 | 155,400 | 82,400 | 176,600 |
March | 129,200 | 87,300 | 156,600 | 117,900 | 97,400 | 145,300 | 118,500 | 90,000 | 154,200 | 127,400 | 85,200 | 154,400 | 156,100 | 89,800 | 171,600 |
February | 128,000 | 87,700 | 156,300 | 130,600 | 76,000 | 152,700 | 115,900 | 82,400 | 155,500 | 126,300 | 89,500 | 155,000 | 150,100 | 85,100 | 163,600 |
January | 122,500 | 84,600 | 152,800 | 120,600 | 85,900 | 141,800 | 108,300 | 82,800 | 145,400 | 122,700 | 85,400 | 153,300 | 140,800 | 80,700 | 161,000 |
2021 | |||||||||||||||
December | 123,200 | 80,900 | 150,300 | 104,700 | 73,900 | 127,200 | 103,300 | 88,200 | 129,400 | 123,500 | 80,000 | 149,600 | 145,200 | 76,900 | 170,600 |
November | 111,900 | 76,400 | 139,900 | 100,900 | 71,600 | 133,500 | 107,300 | 78,100 | 143,800 | 110,700 | 77,000 | 138,400 | 128,800 | 68,400 | 145,500 |
October | 112,000 | 81,700 | 138,200 | 110,300 | 74,400 | 138,700 | 101,000 | 81,000 | 132,600 | 110,700 | 81,900 | 136,400 | 131,600 | 85,000 | 150,400 |
September | 118,300 | 78,800 | 141,300 | 102,100 | 76,100 | 124,100 | 109,300 | 80,900 | 142,300 | 119,300 | 78,500 | 142,200 | 132,100 | 76,200 | 141,600 |
August | 112,000 | 80,000 | 138,000 | 105,000 | 86,000 | 117,000 | 100,000 | 77,000 | 132,000 | 112,000 | 80,000 | 139,000 | 135,000 | 79,000 | 143,000 |
July | 118,700 | 76,000 | 137,800 | 98,500 | 74,100 | 125,700 | 110,500 | 79,100 | 139,300 | 119,200 | 74,500 | 137,100 | 131,100 | 81,700 | 142,800 |
June | 106,800 | 70,200 | 128,100 | 101,600 | 73,700 | 124,200 | 94,900 | 65,600 | 125,800 | 107,500 | 70,700 | 128,000 | 116,400 | 72,200 | 131,500 |
May | 106,500 | 69,900 | 128,300 | 98,400 | 69,900 | 121,500 | 94,300 | 67,500 | 128,200 | 109,900 | 70,600 | 129,200 | 104,400 | 70,300 | 125,500 |
April | 100,200 | 66,700 | 122,500 | 95,900 | 73,800 | 113,300 | 85,400 | 61,800 | 125,400 | 100,400 | 67,700 | 122,200 | 118,400 | 65,000 | 125,000 |
March | 98,100 | 63,300 | 123,200 | 91,400 | 58,600 | 121,300 | 86,400 | 60,800 | 119,100 | 98,100 | 63,700 | 122,400 | 113,000 | 67,300 | 130,800 |
February | 98,300 | 65,400 | 122,500 | 88,300 | 59,400 | 113,800 | 87,300 | 62,400 | 118,100 | 98,100 | 67,100 | 121,800 | 116,900 | 60,900 | 131,900 |
January | 95,000 | 64,100 | 118,500 | 102,600 | 67,900 | 116,200 | 83,000 | 62,100 | 112,700 | 94,000 | 64,600 | 117,300 | 113,400 | 62,300 | 129,500 |
2020 | |||||||||||||||
December | 90,200 | 62,600 | 110,800 | 93,600 | 58,200 | 115,300 | 77,100 | 55,800 | 107,900 | 90,100 | 64,500 | 109,900 | 108,800 | 64,500 | 115,900 |
November | 92,600 | 63,500 | 112,800 | 85,600 | 63,600 | 103,900 | 81,000 | 62,400 | 117,400 | 92,600 | 64,200 | 109,700 | 115,400 | 60,100 | 128,200 |
October | 89,400 | 57,200 | 110,000 | 91,000 | 57,700 | 112,100 | 81,700 | 58,300 | 108,000 | 87,400 | 56,500 | 107,900 | 108,900 | 61,200 | 120,000 |
September | 87,300 | 58,300 | 107,800 | 84,800 | 61,000 | 105,600 | 72,100 | 52,800 | 98,300 | 86,900 | 58,400 | 105,700 | 110,100 | 68,600 | 126,600 |
August | 88,200 | 57,700 | 109,300 | 87,600 | 56,700 | 109,600 | 75,900 | 59,500 | 97,600 | 87,900 | 56,800 | 109,100 | 104,900 | 60,500 | 119,500 |
July | 84,200 | 59,800 | 102,700 | 78,600 | 58,600 | 100,300 | 72,600 | 56,900 | 97,000 | 83,700 | 59,500 | 101,300 | 103,700 | 72,100 | 113,200 |
June | 85,600 | 52,900 | 109,800 | 91,700 | 55,400 | 117,000 | 81,400 | 56,100 | 115,200 | 82,700 | 51,700 | 106,800 | 102,700 | 55,600 | 117,000 |
May | 85,900 | 55,200 | 109,100 | 79,100 | 56,300 | 100,200 | 73,400 | 56,800 | 100,900 | 85,200 | 54,100 | 108,500 | 105,100 | 60,700 | 117,800 |
April | 86,900 | 53,300 | 108,200 | 86,100 | 53,900 | 105,200 | 79,500 | 57,000 | 105,000 | 84,000 | 51,600 | 106,100 | 111,800 | 64,500 | 120,300 |
March | 82,900 | 53,800 | 106,900 | 79,100 | 54,400 | 102,400 | 79,200 | 55,300 | 108,400 | 82,000 | 53,300 | 106,900 | 92,600 | 54,300 | 106,700 |
February | 83,400 | 55,600 | 107,500 | 81,500 | 54,000 | 109,800 | 70,900 | 55,200 | 98,200 | 82,000 | 55,300 | 105,600 | 103,500 | 59,600 | 118,900 |
January | 86,400 | 55,300 | 107,900 | 77,700 | 52,900 | 104,800 | 74,200 | 55,400 | 101,800 | 86,200 | 55,200 | 108,100 | 103,400 | 59,900 | 111,300 |
2019 | |||||||||||||||
December | 86,400 | 54,400 | 105,700 | 79,500 | 54,000 | 98,500 | 70,200 | 54,400 | 96,100 | 87,900 | 54,600 | 106,900 | 97,700 | 52,100 | 107,600 |
November | 81,600 | 52,100 | 107,100 | 79,200 | 49,400 | 113,100 | 73,400 | 50,600 | 104,000 | 79,500 | 52,500 | 104,800 | 101,400 | 54,100 | 114,700 |
October | 81,700 | 53,900 | 103,800 | 80,600 | 61,200 | 101,600 | 72,100 | 53,800 | 100,200 | 81,600 | 52,500 | 103,400 | 96,600 | 58,800 | 109,100 |
September | 81,500 | 55,600 | 101,800 | 84,100 | 59,600 | 103,700 | 71,900 | 55,900 | 98,400 | 80,200 | 55,100 | 99,300 | 99,500 | 55,300 | 113,000 |
August | 84,100 | 49,200 | 107,900 | 81,900 | 45,700 | 101,200 | 75,700 | 52,500 | 99,800 | 81,400 | 48,700 | 106,600 | 107,500 | 48,200 | 120,700 |
July | 82,000 | 54,000 | 106,500 | 88,000 | 51,600 | 129,500 | 74,400 | 53,900 | 105,700 | 78,100 | 54,900 | 100,300 | 108,400 | 45,700 | 121,000 |
June | 84,400 | 52,800 | 103,800 | 84,800 | 57,800 | 109,100 | 72,600 | 52,700 | 97,100 | 83,400 | 53,200 | 100,500 | 100,600 | 47,000 | 118,800 |
May | 78,100 | 53,800 | 98,100 | 76,400 | 49,200 | 105,200 | 72,300 | 56,000 | 98,100 | 75,800 | 53,600 | 95,000 | 96,300 | 55,000 | 106,800 |
April | 78,900 | 55,700 | 100,700 | 82,000 | 59,300 | 109,000 | 70,800 | 56,700 | 91,900 | 77,100 | 54,000 | 99,300 | 95,400 | 63,600 | 109,100 |
March | 78,900 | 50,400 | 102,100 | 74,500 | 48,000 | 98,400 | 71,300 | 49,900 | 96,300 | 77,800 | 50,900 | 101,600 | 92,900 | 49,100 | 108,500 |
February | 85,000 | 52,600 | 107,600 | 74,100 | 52,300 | 97,500 | 72,500 | 56,000 | 97,200 | 84,800 | 52,600 | 106,600 | 103,100 | 43,500 | 119,400 |
January | 81,800 | 53,400 | 103,400 | 86,600 | 60,100 | 109,000 | 68,000 | 54,200 | 98,000 | 81,100 | 51,400 | 101,700 | 95,800 | 59,000 | 110,400 |
2018 | |||||||||||||||
December | 82,400 | 52,100 | 106,000 | 79,600 | 57,500 | 93,600 | 74,300 | 53,800 | 96,400 | 80,100 | 51,500 | 104,900 | 101,400 | 51,600 | 120,400 |
November | 79,900 | 55,400 | 100,500 | 81,400 | 52,300 | 104,700 | 74,100 | 56,200 | 101,900 | 77,100 | 54,600 | 97,800 | 99,300 | 62,600 | 107,800 |
October | 82,400 | 54,500 | 106,000 | 81,600 | 59,300 | 96,200 | 73,100 | 56,700 | 94,300 | 79,800 | 53,500 | 105,900 | 105,100 | 57,300 | 116,500 |
September | 83,600 | 54,400 | 105,400 | 78,800 | 57,600 | 97,300 | 76,700 | 58,300 | 105,500 | 81,600 | 51,900 | 104,500 | 102,600 | 62,000 | 111,600 |
August | 81,500 | 55,100 | 100,900 | 82,900 | 58,400 | 113,000 | 73,600 | 54,500 | 97,800 | 79,800 | 54,500 | 98,100 | 97,400 | 57,600 | 110,300 |
July | 78,900 | 52,000 | 99,300 | 73,600 | 33,900 | 100,600 | 79,600 | 57,300 | 104,500 | 74,900 | 51,300 | 94,000 | 102,800 | 59,300 | 118,200 |
June | 85,400 | 54,900 | 101,300 | 82,400 | 52,900 | 97,500 | 77,400 | 52,700 | 99,700 | 83,200 | 55,100 | 97,100 | 105,000 | 57,600 | 122,900 |
May | 81,200 | 57,100 | 99,100 | 81,700 | 62,400 | 104,300 | 72,500 | 57,600 | 92,900 | 79,000 | 56,300 | 97,000 | 104,000 | 60,300 | 108,900 |
April | 74,900 | 50,600 | 98,700 | 87,300 | 54,900 | 109,900 | 67,300 | 51,600 | 92,800 | 71,100 | 48,600 | 95,300 | 103,100 | 67,400 | 113,400 |
March | 70,600 | 49,800 | 91,400 | 70,900 | 50,400 | 96,600 | 67,700 | 50,600 | 93,800 | 68,900 | 50,000 | 88,900 | 82,900 | 45,800 | 98,700 |
February | 73,400 | 47,900 | 93,800 | 80,400 | 50,800 | 98,200 | 72,100 | 49,700 | 98,000 | 70,600 | 46,700 | 91,200 | 87,100 | 53,900 | 100,600 |
January | 69,000 | 47,300 | 92,100 | 79,500 | 52,400 | 106,000 | 59,300 | 44,900 | 85,600 | 64,400 | 46,300 | 85,900 | 98,900 | 59,400 | 114,200 |
2017 | |||||||||||||||
December | 72,900 | 53,400 | 91,800 | 76,900 | 49,200 | 100,300 | 64,900 | 48,700 | 84,500 | 70,000 | 54,000 | 89,000 | 96,400 | 58,600 | 103,900 |
November | 71,800 | 46,600 | 99,100 | 75,300 | 49,400 | 107,000 | 68,100 | 48,500 | 90,500 | 65,800 | 45,900 | 91,600 | 114,500 | 49,800 | 130,300 |
October | 68,300 | 46,400 | 95,500 | 76,300 | 45,100 | 96,900 | 65,600 | 48,600 | 88,600 | 64,200 | 45,700 | 93,600 | 95,200 | 50,900 | 106,900 |
September | 71,800 | 47,100 | 93,800 | 72,400 | 50,800 | 92,700 | 62,800 | 45,500 | 87,200 | 68,800 | 46,600 | 89,000 | 95,600 | 51,700 | 116,700 |
August | 73,800 | 47,600 | 94,300 | 70,400 | 50,400 | 88,700 | 65,300 | 48,200 | 88,600 | 72,500 | 47,200 | 91,500 | 91,600 | 46,600 | 110,900 |
July | 75,300 | 47,900 | 93,800 | 80,700 | 52,500 | 102,100 | 70,900 | 48,200 | 89,400 | 70,300 | 47,900 | 88,400 | 99,700 | 44,500 | 111,900 |
June | 75,600 | 49,500 | 97,400 | 84,800 | 57,300 | 95,500 | 69,400 | 49,900 | 94,300 | 70,800 | 49,300 | 91,600 | 106,300 | 46,600 | 125,000 |
May | 71,800 | 49,100 | 87,900 | 78,800 | 55,500 | 93,300 | 64,600 | 45,200 | 84,400 | 68,500 | 49,400 | 84,000 | 94,900 | 47,800 | 104,500 |
April | 73,300 | 47,400 | 89,900 | 79,600 | 53,800 | 100,200 | 63,900 | 47,800 | 84,500 | 70,900 | 45,500 | 86,600 | 93,000 | 57,200 | 104,300 |
March | 70,100 | 50,800 | 88,000 | 76,900 | 56,700 | 100,700 | 64,500 | 49,600 | 83,900 | 67,000 | 50,700 | 84,600 | 89,800 | 49,400 | 99,400 |
February | 71,000 | 48,700 | 92,500 | 86,500 | 48,700 | 96,300 | 61,500 | 46,800 | 84,700 | 66,200 | 48,400 | 87,300 | 104,200 | 59,000 | 115,100 |
January | 68,100 | 44,900 | 89,700 | 84,700 | 59,900 | 99,600 | 59,800 | 45,800 | 85,100 | 64,600 | 44,000 | 85,900 | 93,600 | 45,800 | 107,100 |
2016 | |||||||||||||||
December | 73,100 | 49,900 | 90,800 | 73,900 | 44,200 | 92,800 | 67,100 | 45,000 | 85,800 | 71,400 | 50,100 | 89,000 | 85,900 | 56,000 | 101,500 |
November | 71,700 | 47,000 | 90,900 | 70,800 | 45,500 | 94,000 | 58,900 | 46,500 | 84,700 | 72,100 | 47,100 | 88,000 | 89,200 | 48,100 | 108,900 |
October | 71,600 | 48,300 | 87,400 | 75,300 | 45,700 | 90,700 | 60,200 | 47,600 | 81,300 | 71,300 | 47,500 | 84,700 | 85,100 | 54,100 | 104,000 |
September | 69,400 | 46,700 | 93,000 | 79,600 | 55,400 | 101,800 | 62,400 | 46,100 | 96,500 | 65,300 | 45,400 | 89,300 | 93,900 | 58,000 | 99,000 |
August | 74,200 | 50,000 | 93,100 | 86,100 | 57,500 | 106,600 | 60,800 | 45,500 | 84,300 | 71,600 | 46,100 | 91,300 | 95,000 | 79,900 | 99,600 |
July | 73,300 | 49,500 | 91,000 | 73,900 | 53,400 | 103,600 | 65,900 | 48,200 | 91,700 | 70,200 | 47,700 | 87,100 | 96,800 | 67,700 | 100,600 |
June | 70,500 | 46,600 | 87,000 | 85,000 | 50,900 | 113,700 | 61,500 | 45,100 | 84,100 | 66,800 | 44,900 | 81,500 | 89,000 | 57,100 | 100,300 |
May | 71,300 | 45,800 | 87,800 | 75,900 | 45,900 | 99,600 | 63,500 | 46,700 | 86,600 | 69,800 | 45,000 | 84,600 | 83,500 | 48,000 | 96,400 |
April | 67,800 | 44,100 | 87,500 | 78,600 | 45,400 | 100,100 | 61,600 | 45,900 | 86,900 | 64,900 | 42,500 | 85,000 | 85,400 | 53,900 | 92,900 |
March | 69,800 | 44,500 | 88,300 | 72,800 | 45,100 | 103,200 | 59,200 | 46,200 | 83,200 | 69,600 | 44,100 | 86,300 | 83,200 | 42,500 | 97,000 |
February | 67,600 | 43,900 | 92,600 | 81,500 | 50,000 | 97,300 | 57,900 | 45,600 | 85,100 | 65,300 | 43,000 | 89,700 | 84,800 | 45,400 | 106,600 |
January | 67,600 | 45,900 | 84,100 | 69,400 | 48,100 | 90,700 | 61,400 | 48,200 | 86,800 | 65,200 | 44,600 | 80,200 | 86,900 | 50,000 | 96,100 |
2015 | |||||||||||||||
December | 70,800 | 46,200 | 88,100 | 74,200 | 52,100 | 95,300 | 63,300 | 46,600 | 85,900 | 69,200 | 45,700 | 85,500 | 84,400 | 44,600 | 96,400 |
November | 68,000 | 44,300 | 89,400 | 79,000 | 52,500 | 90,600 | 61,100 | 47,300 | 84,500 | 63,200 | 42,500 | 84,000 | 96,100 | 51,000 | 110,300 |
October | 66,800 | 43,800 | 84,900 | 77,100 | 45,100 | 95,200 | 56,500 | 43,100 | 79,700 | 65,500 | 43,200 | 82,200 | 78,900 | 47,300 | 95,400 |
September | 70,700 | 48,400 | 87,700 | 71,600 | 54,400 | 91,400 | 63,900 | 50,600 | 83,900 | 68,500 | 46,800 | 85,500 | 90,100 | 49,700 | 97,900 |
August | 67,000 | 42,900 | 87,100 | 73,300 | 53,600 | 94,100 | 61,600 | 45,700 | 90,000 | 62,800 | 39,400 | 80,700 | 89,200 | 48,200 | 106,400 |
July | 64,500 | 44,400 | 83,700 | 68,000 | 47,700 | 83,100 | 62,600 | 48,500 | 84,600 | 59,800 | 42,900 | 78,400 | 88,200 | 46,800 | 101,000 |
June | 69,100 | 45,500 | 87,500 | 68,100 | 53,200 | 90,700 | 60,500 | 45,900 | 84,200 | 66,100 | 44,000 | 83,700 | 93,700 | 46,700 | 102,800 |
May | 69,500 | 47,300 | 89,100 | 69,500 | 46,100 | 84,700 | 61,800 | 43,000 | 92,600 | 68,100 | 49,000 | 85,600 | 83,400 | 44,200 | 100,700 |
April | 67,400 | 46,900 | 86,500 | 69,400 | 48,900 | 88,800 | 59,700 | 47,900 | 75,000 | 64,700 | 46,800 | 82,200 | 89,600 | 45,100 | 111,100 |
March | 66,200 | 46,100 | 85,000 | 89,000 | 52,300 | 114,000 | 60,900 | 47,400 | 86,400 | 63,200 | 44,100 | 80,300 | 79,300 | 53,600 | 96,600 |
February | 68,300 | 46,200 | 87,000 | 66,500 | 50,000 | 88,800 | 59,600 | 47,500 | 80,600 | 65,900 | 45,600 | 84,200 | 90,200 | 45,500 | 99,600 |
January | 68,400 | 44,600 | 84,400 | 64,700 | 45,600 | 77,200 | 57,000 | 43,700 | 78,300 | 64,600 | 44,900 | 79,400 | 102,500 | 42,600 | 107,700 |
2014 | |||||||||||||||
December | 64,800 | 46,200 | 78,100 | 68,100 | 55,300 | 77,500 | 57,000 | 45,600 | 72,900 | 62,000 | 45,500 | 75,000 | 86,900 | 52,600 | 91,800 |
November | 64,200 | 43,700 | 83,500 | 80,500 | 58,000 | 98,300 | 61,600 | 47,600 | 84,700 | 59,100 | 39,900 | 78,300 | 84,800 | 57,400 | 95,100 |
October | 62,400 | 46,000 | 76,900 | 63,400 | 50,900 | 73,600 | 64,500 | 50,900 | 78,700 | 59,000 | 44,400 | 74,700 | 77,100 | 47,100 | 84,700 |
September | 67,000 | 43,600 | 82,600 | 71,900 | 45,000 | 88,500 | 59,000 | 41,600 | 78,500 | 66,000 | 44,500 | 80,900 | 80,200 | 39,900 | 90,100 |
August | 67,100 | 44,200 | 87,600 | 71,700 | 43,100 | 93,600 | 60,200 | 46,800 | 80,900 | 66,400 | 43,300 | 87,800 | 75,400 | 45,800 | 88,900 |
July | 63,500 | 45,400 | 80,100 | 57,900 | 43,900 | 73,300 | 61,600 | 45,200 | 77,800 | 61,200 | 45,700 | 77,800 | 79,300 | 45,200 | 92,900 |
June | 65,200 | 44,900 | 84,000 | 73,800 | 47,000 | 94,900 | 58,700 | 45,600 | 81,200 | 62,600 | 44,600 | 81,000 | 82,300 | 44,200 | 92,300 |
May | 65,400 | 45,700 | 78,300 | 62,900 | 50,200 | 76,200 | 61,700 | 46,800 | 79,600 | 64,000 | 44,200 | 76,100 | 77,400 | 49,000 | 88,900 |
April | 66,400 | 44,700 | 83,000 | 61,300 | 44,000 | 82,500 | 59,100 | 45,700 | 78,500 | 66,100 | 43,900 | 81,300 | 77,100 | 47,600 | 92,900 |
March | 65,700 | 43,200 | 83,900 | 76,400 | 43,100 | 91,600 | 58,100 | 45,100 | 81,800 | 63,600 | 42,400 | 82,100 | 84,400 | 46,700 | 90,300 |
February | 64,300 | 45,000 | 82,200 | 59,100 | 40,600 | 76,200 | 59,700 | 44,800 | 86,100 | 62,200 | 44,800 | 79,700 | 79,600 | 48,800 | 90,800 |
January | 68,300 | 48,000 | 84,500 | 72,100 | 48,700 | 92,600 | 72,000 | 51,400 | 88,200 | 63,800 | 46,900 | 80,700 | 87,700 | 55,400 | 93,900 |
1 Includes manufactured homes with more than two sections. | |||||||||||||||
Note: Estimates include manufactured homes that are sold and those intended for sale for residential use. | |||||||||||||||
Note: The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and has approved | |||||||||||||||
the disclosure avoidance practices applied. (Approval ID: CBDRB-FY23-0317) | |||||||||||||||
Source: These data are produced by the U.S. Commerce Department’s Census Bureau from a survey sponsored by the | |||||||||||||||
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. |
Part IV – Based on Federal Data, Implications of Total U.S. Manufactured Housing Production Data by Year Since 1998 to 2023
MHVille | U.S. Production |
Year | Production |
1998 | 373,143 |
1999 | 348,075 |
2000 | 250,366 |
2001 | 193,120 |
2002 | 165,489 |
2003 | 130,815 |
2004 | 130,748 |
2005 | 146,881 |
2006 | 117,373 |
2007 | 95,752 |
2008 | 81,457 |
2009 | 49,683 |
2010 | 50,056 |
2011 | 51,618 |
2012 | 54,881 |
2013 | 60,228 |
2014 | 64,334 |
2015 | 70,544 |
2016 | 81,136 |
2017 | 92,902 |
2018 | 96,555 |
2019 | 94,615 |
2020 | 94,390 |
2021 | 105,772 |
2022 | 112,882 |
2023 | 89,169 |
3,201,984 |
If 1998 production level of 373,143 had continued for each of the 26 years that total of production could have been = 9,701,718 | ||||||||||||||
Take that 9,701,718 potential (at constant 1998 level) – 3,201,984 actual production = 6,499,734 difference. | ||||||||||||||
That 9.7 million homes that could have been produced in 26 years given the 1998 pace having hypothetically held annually – vs. the 3.2 million homes that were actually produced reveals a total deficit or difference of about 6.5 million |
Part V – Additional Information with More MHProNews Analysis and Commentary
In no particular order of importance are the following insights and observations.
1) For a few years, MHProNews spotlighted a Manufactured Housing Institute (MHI) generated “industry overview” or “quick facts” that they seemed to suspend from public access. When it was pointed out by MHProNews that MHI had suspended sharing that document publicly, they once more made it available publicly. However, a key item from that document was tweaked by MHI before it was published.
2) But on this same date, now MHI has once more made an item they call their “Industry Overview” publicly available instead of “members only.” However, it is different than their prior versions of “Quick Facts” or “Industry Overview.” There is a plant map which shows where manufactured home production centers are found. There are statements made about manufactured housing, but the visuals and factoids previously provided are missing.
This isn’t earth shattering, but it does reflect several points that MHProNews has been reporting for some time. Among them is that MHI can and does make decisions to vanish in an arguably Orwellian fashion information that for their own reasons they decide at that time do not fit their narrative or agenda. For instance, the percentage of new manufactured homes going into communities is no longer provided in the 2024 Industry Overview, which are posts on this date and not a download.
From the MHI 2020 Quick Facts (May 2020):
- 63% of new manufactured homes are placed on private property and 37% are placed in manufactured home communities.
From the MHI 2021 version of that document (May 2021) was this statement.
- 69% of new manufactured homes are placed on private property and 31% are placed in manufactured home communities.
From the MHI 2022 version (August 2022):
- 49% of new manufactured homes are placed on private property and 51% are placed in manufactured home communities
From the MHI 2023 version (June 2023) is this statement.
- 31% of new manufactured homes were placed in manufactured home/land-lease communities in 2021.
At least on this date (6.27.2024), there is no apparent download from MHI on this placement topic, and their posts do not appear to provide this data. But note that MHI in 2023 provided 2021 data, previously provided in 2021 only reworded?
Now, compare what MHI said above to what the U.S. Census Bureau provided to MHProNews (this is some of the same info as provided in Part II above, but placed in closer proximity to what the reader is comparing it to for reader ease. The bold is added by MHProNews.
3)
a) Based on Part V #2 above which links the referred to MHI “Quick Facts” or “Industry Overview” by year, it would appear that MHI’s 2020 report is referring to 2018 information provided by the Census Bureau. Not 2019, not 2020, but 2018. If someone scrolls further into that year’s document, that is clarified on a different page, but there is no clarification on the page where the data quoted above is first presented by MHI.
b) Similarly, the MHI 2021 data appears to be based upon the Census Bureau’s 2019 report. Once more, that is not clear from the first usage, but is clarified for someone that might be detail minded pages later in their document.
c) In the 2022, it is 2021 data that MHI is used, not 2020. But that year, the Census Bureau began providing additional information that clarified that in 2021 “Insider Communities” actually meant more than just “land lease,” because just below the data shown reflects that only 31 percent of those placements went into a land-lease manufactured home community, such as their members like: Equity LifeStyle Properties, Sun Communities, UMH Properties, Flagship Communities, Legacy Communities, etc. might be purchasing for resale or rental purposes. Whether this was incidentally misleading or deliberate on the part of MHI is an open question. At a minimum, it was arguably sloppy on the part of MHI, because a reader would have to intuit from one remark pages apart how it relates to something pages later.
d) It isn’t until MHI’s June 2023 update that they state that the information provided is from 2021. Note that prior versions of this particular fact-checked item should be reconciled with this article’s new revelation.
New Manufactured Homes Placed |
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(For Residential Use) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Inside Communities (2021 – )2 | 55% | 59% | 51% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Land-leased / manufactured home community | 29% | 36% | 31% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Private property in subdivision or planned unit development | 27% | 23% | 21% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Outside Communities (2021 – )3 | 45% | 41% | 49% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Other private property | 44% | 41% | 49% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Somewhere else | 1% | 0% | 0% | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Inside Communities (2014 – 2020) | X | X | X | 27% | 31% | 37% | 32% | 34% | 34% | 33% | ||||||||||
In a park, court, or community | X | X | X | 23% | 26% | 34% | 29% | 31% | 32% | 30% | ||||||||||
In a subdivision or planned unit development | X | X | X | 4% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | ||||||||||
Private Property (2014 – 2020) | X | X | X | 73% | 69% | 63% | 68% | 66% | 66% | 67% | ||||||||||
Not in any of the above | X | X | X | 73% | 69% | 63% | 68% | 66% | 66% | 67% | ||||||||||
Titled as Personal Property | 76% | 73% | 77% | 78% | 76% | 77% | 76% | 77% | 80% | 80% | ||||||||||
Titled as Real Estate | 20% | 21% | 19% | 19% | 19% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 14% | 13% |
4) One of the effects of the problematically stated use of MHI’s information is that it served to suggest that in August 2022 report that placements in land leases significantly were higher than they actually were. As the Census Bureau explained: 31 percent went into a land lease, while some 21 percent went into “Private property in subdivision or planned unit development.” The other 49 percent went onto private property outside of a land-lease or private-property subdivision style community, per the Census Bureau.
5) The above also sheds light on some of MHI’s publicly traded members who produce homes (e.g.: Skyline Champion (SKY) and Cavco Industries (CVCO)) that were sold to community operators such as Equity LifeStyle Properties, Sun Communities, UMH Properties, and Flagship Communities.
Yes, shipments going into land-leases from 2022 compared to 2023 declined. But the mix going into land-lease from producers by year, per the Census Bureau, is as shown below.
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |
Land-leased / manufactured home community | 29% | 36% | 31% |
See reports from MHI members Cavco and Skyline Champion for specifics on their remarks about delays and reductions of shipments going into land-lease communities.
6) The National Association of Realtors and Fannie Mae recently released new housing data previously reported that indicate that higher housing and lending costs are among the factors depressing the new and resale housing markets.
Over the first four months of 2024, the total number of single-family permits issued year to date (YTD) nationwide reached 336,124. This is an increase of 25.3% on a year-over-year basis over the April 2023 level of 268,205.https://t.co/vZ8rmdIofD
— NAHB 🏠 (@NAHBhome) June 25, 2024
Note that the tweet (X-post) below reflects that the NAHB doesn’t mind making a reference to the NAR. Which begs the question, why does MHI seem to pretend that there is no MHARR, which has existed since 1985? Especially since MHI and MHARR have previously collaborated in getting legislation useful to the industry enacted?
Existing home sales fell for the third straight month in May because of lingering high mortgage rates and record-high prices, according to the National Association of Realtors (NAR).https://t.co/gdsyRln7Ed
— NAHB 🏠 (@NAHBhome) June 24, 2024
According to the The State of the Nation’s Housing 2024 report from @Harvard_JCHS, rents and home prices have increased 26% and 47%, respectively, since 2020, primarily affected by a lack of housing inventory. https://t.co/OAXMnIf0zu | #realestate #housing
— NAHB 🏠 (@NAHBhome) June 21, 2024
7) Facts and evidence like the above build upon the insights from the Andy Gedo redux, explored in the report linked below, which was part of our coverage of the Innovative Housing Showcase.
8) Far more costly conventional housing has witnessed a YoY increase in building permits of 25.3% in the first four months of 2024, per the NAHB. Earlier this month, MHARR said that the latest official “statistics indicate that HUD Code manufacturers produced 8,971 new homes in April 2024, a 34.37% increase over the 6,676 new HUD Code homes produced in April 2023. Cumulative production for 2024 now totals 33,248 homes, a 19.3% increase over the 27,850 HUD Code homes produced over the same period in 2023.” Meaning, while manufactured housing production has increased – as have single family building permits – the rate of increase for less costly manufactured homes is lower than the rate of increase for more costly conventional housing.
9) What occurs after a home leaves the production center is by definition a post-production occurrence. That falls into the bailiwick of MHI, because MHARR’s stated focus is production-related regulatory issues.
10) To better understand why manufactured housing is struggling when favorable federal laws exist yet are not being properly or consistently enforced, a view that both MHI on paper seemingly agrees with MHARR on, the reports for the week in review provide more detailed facts and insights.
Don’t miss today’s postscript.
With no further adieu, here are the headlines for the week in review from 6.23 to 6.30.2024.
Part VI – Weekly Headlines in Review
What’s New on MHLivingNews
What’s New from Washington, D.C. based MHARR
Selections from Author-Speaker Tim Connor, CSP, Words of Wisdom (Among our MHVille Exclusives)
What’s New or Recent from the Masthead
What’s New on the Daily Business News on MHProNews
Saturday 6.29.2024
Friday 6.28.2024
Thursday 6.27.2024
Wednesday 6.26.2024
Tuesday 6.25.2024
Monday 6.24.2024
Sunday 6.23.2024
Postscript (Part VII)
1) Since our report on Friday 6.28.2024, Joe and Jill Biden have both made it plain that they intend to stay in the 2024 race, despite a performance that has been panned even by numbers of influential Democrats (see report linked here and above). Former President Barack Obama has per reports attempted to reassure the Democratic donor class that Biden can successfully stay the course.
2) That noted, several post-debate polls reflect the common view that Biden lost and Trump won the debate.
- Per the left-leaning The Hill, which cited left-leaning CNN’s poll: “More than two-thirds of viewers of Thursday’s debate between President Biden and former President Trump said the Republican won…
The Daily Mail’s flash poll said:
- Some 68 percent said Donald Trump came out on top of the clash
- Some 62 percent said he [i.e.: Joe Biden] should be dumped from the [Democratic] ticket.
Data for Progress reported about their post-debate poll the following.
When asked who won the debate, among voters who watched the debate or read about it, 30% say that Biden won, while 62% say that Trump won.
Note: in several devices, the images below can be opened to a larger size.
You can typically click the image and follow the prompts to enlarge.
3) Left-leaning Morning Consult said:
- A clear majority of debate-viewing voters (57%) say Trump performed best on Thursday, including 19% of Democrats, 60% of independents and 93% of Republicans.
- …our post-debate survey shows President Joe Biden has lost no immediate ground to Trump, most voters, including a 47% plurality of Democrats, say Biden should be replaced as the Democratic candidate for president.
- The Biden campaign viewed last night’s debate as another opportunity to assuage concerns about his age and mental acuity, but that didn’t work: Among debate viewers, 78% say Biden is too old, compared with 64% of all voters who said the same days before the debate.
- 3 in 10 Democrats say Harris should be the party’s nominee if Biden drops bid
4) Left-leaning CNN called Biden’s performance “disastrous.” “Biden’s disastrous debate pitches his reelection bid into crisis,” said CNN: “If Joe Biden loses November’s election, history will record that it took just 10 minutes to destroy a presidency.”
The IPSOS poll said in a post-debate flash poll that: “A majority of likely voters who watched the first 2024 Presidential debate felt that Republican candidate Donald Trump performed the best, according to a two-wave 538/Ipsos poll of likely voters conducted in the days leading up to and immediately after the debate.”
Also per IPSOS:
Ratings of Biden’s mental and physical fitness to be president declined following the debate.
- Before the debate, 27% of likely voters rated Biden as good or excellent when it came to his mental fitness to be president. Following the debate, that level declined to 20%. The decline was steepest among Democratic respondents, going from 56% before the debate to 42% after the debate.
- These levels also saw sharp declines among Black respondents (-15 percentage points), those aged 65+ (-11), and those with a Bachelor’s degree or higher (-10).
- Ratings of Trump’s mental (39% pre-debate, 41% post-debate) and physical (43%, 45%) fitness were stable. …”
5) But there was much more at stake in the debate than merely who won or lost the discussion that night between deposed President Donald J. Trump and current White House Resident Joe Biden. But first, let’s note that left-leaning CBS News reported that: “The much-anticipated debate on Thursday night between President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump drew an estimated 51.27 million viewers to the CNN presentation, Nielsen and CNN reported on Friday.” Reuters said: “The number is about 30% lower than the 73 million people who watched the candidates’ first face-off in 2020, and among the three lowest-rated first presidential debates since 1976.” That may be fortunate for Biden, as pre-debate some were speculating that it could be the most watched debate ever.
What could prove to be more important than winning or losing the first debate? There is evidence that several are wondering aloud how Democratic leaders, the White House, and elements (not all) of the mainstream media could have covered up Biden’s condition from the public for so long. Those who watch, listen to or read more conservative media would not have been surprised by what they saw from Biden, nor by what they saw in Trump. But for years, much of the left-leaning media, various Democratic leaders and public officials have effectively covered up Biden’s condition. While it is to soon to say with certainty, that may prove to be problematic for the left. Why? Because thinking people may wonder, if they misled us about Biden’s condition, what else did they misled us about? Note – don’t miss #8 below from a former high-ranking Democrat.
6) To illustrate that point (#5 above about more important than winning or losing debate), consider what Brendan O’Neill, Chief Political Writer for Spiked had to say (note: this was featured by Real Clear Politics).
Why the Democrats lied about Joe Biden’s frailty
The presidential debate has exposed the ruthlessness of the American establishment.
So this is how republics die. Not with a bang but with the hoarse ramblings of their ageing leaders. Few events have shone a light on ‘American decline’ as much as Joe Biden’s sad, impassive performance in last night’s CNN presidential debate. Here was the leader of the free world speaking in faint, broken tones, and struggling to stay focussed, and at points seeming to blank out entirely. Before the eyes of the world, it became clear: this man is too old, too frail and too infirm to be at the helm of America.
And yet, Old Joe’s physical infirmity is not the thing that should horrify us. Everyone ages, everyone withers. No, it is the moral infirmity of the Democratic establishment that is truly chilling. It is those who are so bent on power that they’ll force a frail man on to the world stage to do their bidding who deserve our ire. It is the media movers and shakers who said ‘Joe is fine’, and who damned the concerned as ageist cranks, who have behaved atrociously. Behind Biden’s physical decay is the far graver problem of the moral decay of a ruling class that will lie, gaslight and bully just to stay on top.”
Ouch. Tell us how you really feel about this O’Neill. Note, typo’s in these quoted segments are in the original.
…At times, Biden glitched completely. Fourteen minutes into proceedings, and then again 22 minutes into proceedings, his mental faculties seemed to betray him and he just stalled. The moderator, Jake Tapper, had to save him at one point, delivering a merciful ‘Thank you, Mr President’ after he malfunctioned during a muddled commentary on Covid or Medicare or something.”
…He was a shadow of his old self, and you found yourself wondering if he’d make it to the end of the debate, never mind through another four years of steering the free world.
It was so bad that even the liberal media, like groundhogs finally stirring from hibernation, piped up and said: ‘Is there something wrong here?’ The kind of people who said ‘Joe is fine’ as he stuttered and stumbled through speeches and meetings are now wondering if actually Joe might be knackered. Overnight, the New York Times has been gripped by dread over Biden’s health. ‘Biden cannot go on like this’, says one headline. ‘He must bow out of the race’, says another. This is the same New York Times which just last year was thundering against ‘the manufactured panic over Biden’s age’. When us plebs raise concerns about Biden’s wellbeing, it’s fabricated crap. When the Old Grey Lady [MHProNews note: Grey Lady a.k.a. New York Times] does it, it’s legit.”
The panic now sweeping through Democratic circles feels enraging. You want to shout: ‘Where have you people been?’ ‘Democrats panic as Biden stumbles in bad-tempered debate with Trump’, says the Financial Times (‘stumbles’ – still with the euphemisms). Dem bigwig Van Jones says Biden ‘didn’t do well at all’ and should now consider ‘taking a different course’. Seeing him so scrambled was ‘personally painful’, said Jones. According to reports, party strategists are discussing the possibility of replacing Biden ahead of the election. That noise you can hear is the scales falling from a thousand eyes.
These overnight worriers for Biden’s wellbeing are utterly without shame. For all of them belong to that credentialled class that has either been content to ignore the blazing signs of Biden’s waning health or have actively conspired in playing it down. For years these people gaslit the American populace. Biden’s in tip-top shape, they said, as if millions of Americans haven’t nursed old relatives through the twilight years and seen with their own eyes what age can do. Just three months ago, CNN’s own one-time White House correspondent, John Harwood, damned the talk of Biden’s ‘alleged mental decline’ as ‘utter bullshit’. Now CNN platforms a presidential debate in which that mental decline becomes abundantly, terribly clear.”
O’Neill then lashed the insiders who covered this up from readers/viewers with gaslighting, half-truths, and outright deceptions.
In truth, the ‘utter bullshit’ came not from people concerned for Biden’s health, but from an establishment hell-bent on disguising Biden’s withering. Their gaslighting was ceaseless. When a New York Times poll in March found that 73 per cent of Americans agreed – ‘somewhat’ or ‘strongly’ – that Biden is ‘just too old to be an effective president’, journalism professor Jeff Jarvis raged: ‘This is not journalism.’ It is ‘shameful’, he said, to make age an ‘issue’. Time slammed the ‘ageist attacks [on] President Biden’. ‘Biden’s big problem? Your ageism’, sneered one columnist at bigoted America. Just this month, White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said video clips of Biden looking lost and confused are mostly ‘cheap fakes’ made by right-wingers in ‘bad faith’.
Here’s the truly sinister thing: many of these people who said Biden was fine knew he wasn’t. They knew the White House insisted he always be flanked by minders, lest he stumble physically or verbally, in what was known by insiders as ‘Operation Bubble Wrap’. They knew he had become so frail that even special counsel Robert Hur decreed he should not be charged for keeping classified documents because he is an ‘elderly man’ with ‘poor memory’ and ‘diminished faculties’. They knew he was receiving regular physical tests but not cognitive tests, for fear of what might show up. They knew but they denied and lied and snapped at any uppity member of the public who said ‘Is Biden okay?’.”
Spiked’s O’Neill, wrapped by saying this.
And why did they cover up Biden’s troubles? For power. In order that they might still rule. Out of naked, brutal self-interest. The Democratic elites and their footsoldiers in the cultural establishment are painfully aware they have few big-hitters who can connect with the public. Kamala Harris? Please. Gavin Newsom? Even Californians have tired of him. So out of desperation, they put blusher on Old Joe, fed him lines they prayed he would remember, and sent him out in a wretched bid to secure their own political clout and cultural hegemony. Behold the ruthlessness of the technocratic class. We now know there’s nothing they won’t do to fortify their authority. We can feel sorry for Biden, but for the rest of them we should feel only contempt.”
O’Neill has been quoted saying: “Columnist Brendan O’Neill says the ‘Left liberal establishment’ are the militant wing of political correctness.”
According to left-leaning Bing’s artificial intelligence (AI) powered Copilot is the following Q&A on O’Neill.
Is Brendan O’Neill with the U.K. based Spiked a leftist?
Sorry, Copilot, but when someone identifies as a “Marxist” anything sounds left-wing. So, here is one more from the political left ripping Democrats and Democratic leadership as being power hungry, out of touch with the common men and women they claim to represent. Recall that just days ago Democratic Congressman and former Democratic presidential hopeful Set Moulton (MA-D) admitted that Democrats are the party of the “ultra-wealthy” and “ultra poor.”
7) Another example of the ‘cover up’ of Joe Biden’s condition is the following from former left-leaning New York Times editorial (op-ed staff editor) department’s Bari Weiss.
Bari Weiss: They Knew
Biden is no longer fit to be president. Last night’s debate exposed the lies we’ve been told.”
Rarely are so many lies dispelled in a single moment. Rarely are so many people exposed as liars and sycophants. Last night’s debate was a watershed on both counts.
The debate was not just a catastrophe for President Biden. And boy—oy—was it ever.
But it was more than that. It was a catastrophe for an entire class of experts, journalists, and pundits, who have, since 2020, insisted that Biden was sharp as a tack, on top of his game, basically doing handstands while peppering his staff with tough questions about care for migrant children and aid to Ukraine.
Anyone who committed the sin of using their own eyes on the 46th president was accused, variously, of being Trumpers; MAGA cult members who don’t want American democracy to survive; ageists; or just dummies easily duped by “disinformation,” “misinformation,” “fake news,” and, most recently, “cheapfakes.”
Cast your mind back to February, when Robert Hur, the special counsel appointed by the Department of Justice to look into Biden’s handling of classified documents, came out with his report that included details about Biden’s health, which explained why he would not prosecute the president.
“We have also considered that, at trial, Mr. Biden would likely present himself to a jury, as he did during our interview of him, as a sympathetic, well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory,” Hur wrote. “It would be difficult to convince a jury that they should convict him—by then a former president well into his eighties—of a serious felony that requires a mental state of willfulness.”
Can anyone doubt that characterization after watching Biden’s debate performance? …”
8) In a Real Clear Politics report pre-debate (6.22.2024) “Former Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D-NY) on Friday’s episode of ‘Real Time’ told HBO host Bill Maher that former President Donald Trump would have never been on trial if his last name wasn’t Trump and if he was not running for president.” Here is a transcript of the relevant discussion.
BILL MAHER, HOST: The trial in New York, the one he got convicted for, was the greatest fundraising bonanza ever. He is now, he was lagging behind Biden and now he’s pulled quite a bit ahead. That trial was the greatest reason people had to send their checks for $5, 10, 25, whatever dollars, to Donald Trump.
So I was always with you on the one in New York, the hush money trial. I don’t think they should have brought that one. It was just always going to look like a sex case and people were always just going to look at it that way. So anyway.
FORMER GOV. ANDREW CUOMO (D-NY): That case, the Attorney General’s case in New York, frankly should have never been brought. And if his name was not Donald Trump, and if he wasn’t running for president from the former AG in New York, I’m telling you that case would have never been brought. And that’s what is offensive to people. And it should be. Because if there’s anything left, it’s belief in the justice system.
So, a Democrat – Cuomo, a leftist who at one point was thought of as a likely Democratic candidate for the presidency, and Maher, a leftist who makes the periodic effort for balance, took shots at the validity of the so-called “hush money trial” in a heavily Democratic district, by a judge who would not recuse himself even though Judge Juan Merchan’s was a known Biden donor. The right-leaning U.K. Daily Mail said:
- [Judge] Juan Merchan’s daughter, Loren, 34, works for progressive digital strategies firm Authentic Campaigns
- She [Loren Merchan] was a digital director for Vice President Kamala Harris’ 2020 presidential campaign and has worked for a slew of other Democratic campaigns
Trump mentioned during the debate that the conviction would likely be overturned on appeal. It should be, based on those insights alone. Every American is guaranteed a trail by an unbiased jury of their peers. The New York case was fraught with political corruption and had Democratic fingerprints all over it, as Cuomo (D) and Maher indicated.
9) Weiss, arguably more of a centrist, and O’Neill, in their own ways revealed just how problematic much (not all) of the coverage of Joe Biden has been for the last 4 years. A string of lies and deceptions were at least partially exposed in last Thursday’s debate.
What does this have to do with manufactured housing? Duh! The federal government has their hands all over our profession, and many others too. It is apparent that some information that isn’t convenient for the narrative of powerful is buried, denied, lied about, and the opposition is often smeared.
Look. No one has to believe that Trump is a saint. He’s not. Trump has his flaws, and his supporters know them. But much of the left-leaning media, and some ‘never Trumper’s’ on the center-right, have smeared the man as if he was Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Chairman Mao all rolled into one. That was always nonsense. Trump wasn’t the war monger that he was accused of being before he took office or once again now. That “Two Minutes of Hate” Orwellian style tactic is designed to keep those independents and those who are on the left (or are otherwise ‘never Trump’) in the left.
Numbers of claims made by Biden in 2020 have since been proven to be clever lies or deceptions. For example. Biden and Hunter knew that laptop belonged to his drugged addled son. That letter Biden referenced from 51 intelligence agency connected professionals. In hindsight, it was a “psy-op” involving our nation’s spy agencies being deployed against Americans. The CIA – among others – has a history of such operations in foreign nations, but it is not supposed to be deployed against Americans. For over 100 years, several Democrats and some Republicans (e.g.: Presidents Bush senior and his son “W“) have deployed information operations against U.S. citizens to sway elections and/or lead the public into voting in ways that more honest statements would have likely meant no war for Americans would have followed. Some Democrats and certain Republicans have warned against such vexing problems. But obviously the public is more easily swayed when big media (now, big media and big tech) are allowed to work with public officials and/or political leaders to mislead and deceive the public.
10) In a sense, it doesn’t matter if Biden stays in the race or if someone else takes his place as the Democratic candidate for the White House. Either way, the party’s leadership obviously knew the truth and covered it up. It would be foolish to reward their deception with your votes. While Republicans have at times raised the issue, some in the GOP have been complicit. Now ousted Congressional reps Adam Kinzinger (IL-R) and Liz Cheney (WY-R) are among them.
11) The fact that numbers of Blacks, Hispanics, Women, and voters who often have been more traditionally Democratic are moving into the Trump camp should speak volumes. When the gaslighting and lies are so big, as now becoming clear for more Americans is the case of Joe Biden, it should follow if they lie about one thing, they will do so about others. Biden was known to be racially biased, described himself as a “prostitute” for the wealthy/elite years ago, and was proven in a prior presidential run to be an apparent plagiarist. The man has very low scruples. For whatever his flaws, and to Cuomo’s point cited above, Trump has been consistent on many of his views for decades, long before he ran for president. He wasn’t viciously attacked in the same way he is since he rode that golden escalator at Trump Tower with Melania Trump at his side in 2015 to announce his candidacy. This interview with Oprah Winfrey is one of many possible examples of the young Trump being fawned over, while the Trump of the past 9 years being the object of some 9 years of smears.
Here is a news clip of Biden dropping out of the 1988 race due to his purported lying and plagiarism.
The same things he was apparently guilty of in 1988 are part of Biden’s hallmarks as a politician today: boldly lying, cronyism, and a willingness to pander in utterly insincere ways. While some left-leaning journalists covered such matters pre-2020, obviously not enough did so in the level of detail that would have made Biden clearly who he is to left-leaning readers and viewers. As former Democrat, former award-winning journalist turned conservative pundit Chris Plante repeatedly says, the left-leaning media is complicit in covering for Biden and others like him.
Biden plays at being a faithful Catholic, even though Catholic Cardinal Raymond Burke recently condemned Biden for scandalously receiving Holy Communion despite repeated warnings that he should not do so due to his many public departures from Catholic teaching. The point is that on issue after issue, the man is a notorious sellout of America, Americans and is an apparent con. MHProNews didn’t have to do a ton of research to find and report examples of how leftist Biden was, even though the much of the left-leaning media painted Biden as a ‘moderate’ Democrat. Facts are whatever they are, and people ought to be willing to look at evidence, not myths or masks, before they vote.
12) There is no guarantee that Trump will unleash manufactured housing if he is elected. But what is certain is that his philosophy is more likely to be in line with doing so than what has been witnessed in 3.3 years of Joe Biden in the White House. The Biden-Harris regime has talked about manufactured housing in numerous documents, as MHI likes to tout. But when the facts are examined, what has Biden-Harris actually done for the HUD Code manufactured home industry? By contrast, a source at the Trump White House in 2020 told MHARR and MHProNews that they were seriously considering a push to implement the enhanced preemption provision of the Manufactured Housing Improvement Act of 2000.
Like the facts or not, MHProNews has relentlessly presented those pesky facts and has produced videos and transcripts to back those factual claims up, so that readers could see or view reality for themselves. That is how you build trust with your readers and is a demonstration that manufactured home “Industry News, Tips, and Views Pros Can Use” © where “We Provide, You Decide” © are more than just clever tag lines or mottos. They are part of our day-by-day history of reporting with evidence-based analysis.
13) There are no perfect women or men running to be president. There are no perfect candidates. This writer has numerous items, which have been covered in reports, that indicate what weakness of Trump or other candidates running in 2024 are. If someone is on the left and can’t find it in their minds or hearts to vote for Trump, despite the fact that Biden is an apparent scoundrel, there are third-party candidates like Robert F. Kennedy Jr (former Democrat, who said Biden is the bigger threat to Democracy), Cornell West, Jill Stein, and Chase Oliver. But to be clear, Democrats are working to keep those alternatives to Biden off the ballot in as many states as possible. Left-leaning media like the New York Times, Washington Post, NBC News, PBS and other sources have said that in 2024 Democrats are making record investments to counter third-party candidates. or any number of reasons to vote for Trump and his party’s supporters. As a headline from NBC proclaimed earlier this year:
Democrats prepare to go to war against third-party candidates
There are any number of reasons not to vote for Democrats who have been covering up the truth from the American public for years about Biden, he and his son’s purported scandals, and his failing policies. To learn more, see the linked or related reports. ###
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By L.A. “Tony” Kovach – for MHProNews.com.
Tony earned a journalism scholarship and earned numerous awards in history and in manufactured housing.
For example, he earned the prestigious Lottinville Award in history from the University of Oklahoma, where he studied history and business management. He’s a managing member and co-founder of LifeStyle Factory Homes, LLC, the parent company to MHProNews, and MHLivingNews.com.
This article reflects the LLC’s and/or the writer’s position and may or may not reflect the views of sponsors or supporters.
Connect on LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/latonykovach
Related References:
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